Dynamic Memory Management

Stack vs heap, malloc, calloc, realloc, and free, checking for NULL, memory leaks, and dangling pointers.

Stack and heap

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	Stack	Heap
Holds	Local variables, function calls	Memory you request at run time
Size	Small (often ~8 MB)	Large — most of RAM
Lifetime	Freed automatically when a function returns	Until you call free()
Managed by	The compiler	You (malloc / free)